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Fedora Linux: Restart / Stop / Start DHCPD Server Command

msrxp — Sat, 06 Jan 2018 09:51:27 +0000

am a new Fedora Linux version 18 system administrator. How do I restart dhcpd server using command line options in Fedora Linux server running on HP server hardware?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol which allows individual devices on an IP network to get their own network configuration information such as follows from a DHCP server:

IP address

Subnetmask

Broadcast address

DNS server IP address

Default gateway IP address and more

The dhcp package includes the ISC DHCP service, server and relay agent.

Fedora start / stop / restart DHCPD (latest version)

Alert: You need Fedora Linux version 15 or above to use the following commands.

To restart dhcpd service, open a terminal or login using ssh and then type:

# systemctl restart dhcpd.service

To stop dhcpd service, type:

# systemctl stop dhcpd.service

To start dhcpd service, type:

# systemctl start dhcpd.service

Note: By default, the DHCPD service does not start at boot time. To configure the daemon to start automatically at boot time, type:

# systemctl enable dhcpd.service

Fedora start / stop / restart DHCPD (older version)

Alert: You need Fedora Linux version 14 or older to use the following commands. Also, commands are compatible with RHEL/CentOS Linux too.

To restart dhcpd service, open a terminal or login using ssh and then type:

# service dhcpd restart

To stop dhcpd service, type:

# service dhcpd stop

To start dhcpd service, type:

# service dhcpd start

Note: By default, the DHCPD service does not start at boot time. To configure the daemon to start automatically at boot time, type:

# chkconfig dhcpd on

OS X: Create and use Live USB Fedora Linux Media

msrxp — Sat, 06 Jan 2018 07:53:21 +0000

y new Dell Laptop has no DVD or CD drive. I’m trying to create a bootable Fedora Linux 20 USB using UNetbootin utility as described here. But, UNetbootin failed to create bootable USB image on OS X. How do I create Fedora Linux 20 USB Media in Apple OS X using command line options?

You need to use the following two commands on Apple OS X to directory write an ISO image to USB flash drive:

a) diskutil command – The diskutil utility manipulates the structure of local disks.

b) dd command – The dd utility copies the standard input to the standard output

How to create and use Live USB on a OS X

First, download a Fedora image by visiting the official site. Insert a USB stick and backup all required data on your disk. Open the Terminal and type the following command to view USB stick name:

diskutil list

Sample outputs:

/dev/disk0

#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER

0: GUID_partition_scheme *480.1 GB disk0

1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1

2: Apple_CoreStorage 479.2 GB disk0s2

3: Apple_Boot Boot OS X 650.0 MB disk0s3

/dev/disk1

#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER

0: Apple_HFSX Macintosh HD *478.9 GB disk1

/dev/disk2

#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER

0: FDisk_partition_scheme *16.4 GB disk2

1: DOS_FAT_32 UNTITLED 16.4 GB disk2s1

In this example, /dev/disk2 is my USB flash drive (16.4GB). You need to use the correct drive name in next step. Please note that the following command will destroy all data on the USB stick. Also, make sure you use the correct USB drive name. Do not blame me if you overwrite OS X disk:

first unmount the usb media ##

diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk2

Now, write an iso image to the usb media in raw format. ##

I m using Fedora 20 Live ISO Image downloaded from https://fedoraproject.org/ ##

sudo dd if=~/Downloads/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso of=/dev/disk2 bs=1m

Sample outputs:

Fig. 01: dd command in action on Apple OS X

Wait for the dd command to complete, then remove the USB flash drive. Start your x86/amd64 based computer/laptop, and boot from a USB stick by holding down F12 (or F2 or Del) keys:

Fig. 01: Booting Thinkpad using USB pen drive by pressing F12 key

CentOS / RHEL / Fedora Linux: Use Yum Command With A Proxy Server

msrxp — Sat, 06 Jan 2018 07:51:58 +0000

y CentOS Linux based laptop can only be accessed through our corporate proxy servers. How do I access and use yum command with a Web proxy server on a CentOS / RHEL / Fedora / Red Hat / Scientific Linux?

Yum repositories can be accessed through standard proxy servers such as Squid proxy server. You need to provide use the following details of the proxy server in /etc/yum.conf file:

proxy=http://URL:PORT/ – Proxy serer URL to the proxy server that yum should use. You must seta complete URL, including the TCP port number. If your corporate proxy server requires a username and password, specify these by adding following two settings in yum.conf file itself.

proxy_username=YOUR-PROXY-USERNAME-HERE (optional)- Your proxy server username to use for the proxy URL.

proxy_password=YOUR-SUPER-secrete-PASSWORD-HERE (optional) – Your proxy server password for this proxy URL.

Configuration: Using yum with a proxy server on a CentOS/RHEL/Fedora Linux

# vi /etc/yum.conf

Add the following settings in [main] section:

proxy=http://server1.cyberciti.biz:3128

proxy_username=vivek

proxy_password=secretePassword

Here is a complete config /etc/yum.conf file:

[main]

cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever

keepcache=0

debuglevel=2

logfile=/var/log/yum.log

exactarch=1

obsoletes=1

gpgcheck=1

plugins=1

installonly_limit=3

exclude=lighttpd* nginx* spawn-fcgi* webalizer*

proxy=http://server1.cyberciti.biz:3128

proxy_username=vivek

proxy_password=secretePassword

Save and close the file. Please note that defining a proxy server, username, and password in /etc/yum.conf means that all users connect to the proxy server with those details when using yum command:

# yum update

# yum install httpd php php-gd php-mysql

How do I enable proxy access for a specific user such as root user only?

Linux and UNIX-like system has environment variable called http_proxy. It allows you to connect text based session and applications via the proxy server. Type the following command at shell prompt:

# export http_proxy= http://server1.cyberciti.biz:3128

# export http_proxy= http://PROXY=USERNAME=HERE:PROXY=PASSWORD=HERE@URL:PORT

# export http_proxy= http://vivek:secretePassword@server1.cyberciti.biz:3128

Feel free to add the above line in the to your shell profile file such as ~/.bash_profile. See how to set or export: http_proxy with special characters in password on a Unix or Linux based system for more information.

Fedora Linux 20: Install Broadcom-wl STA BCM43228 Wireless Driver

msrxp — Sat, 06 Jan 2018 07:50:36 +0000

‘m using Dell / Lenovo laptop with Broadcom’s IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n based wireless card. How can I install Broadcom-wl STA BCM4322 Wireless driver on a Fedora Linux version 20?

Broadcom’s IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n driver can be installed on any Linux disruption including Fedora Linux version 20. The driver (broadcom-wl and kmod-wl) works with the following Wireless chipsets only:

BCM4311

BCM4312

BCM4313

BCM4321

BCM4322

BCM43224

BCM43225

BCM43227

BCM43228

Finding out your chipset / wireless card name on a Fedora Linux

Open the Terminal app and type the following shell command:

$ lspci

$ lspci | grep -i broadcom

Sample outputs:

Fig.01: Fedora Linux Find Supported Broadcom Wireless Devices Name/Chipset

How do I use Broadcom wireless cards in Fedora version 19/20?

Fedora Linux provides a version of this driver via rpmfusion repo. All you’ve to do is configure rpmfusion repo and install the driver.

Step #1: Enable rpmfusion repo

Open the Terminal app and type the following command:

# yum localinstall –nogpgcheck \

http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm \

yum localinstall –nogpgcheck http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: langpacks, refresh-packagekit

rpmfusion-free-release-20.noarch.rpm | 15 kB 00:00

Examining /var/tmp/yum-root-Gh9BLR/rpmfusion-free-release-20.noarch.rpm: rpmfusion-free-release-20-1.noarch

Marking /var/tmp/yum-root-Gh9BLR/rpmfusion-free-release-20.noarch.rpm to be installed

Skipping: yum, filename does not end in .rpm.

Skipping: localinstall, filename does not end in .rpm.

rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20.noarch.rpm | 15 kB 00:00

Examining /var/tmp/yum-root-Gh9BLR/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20.noarch.rpm: rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20-1.noarch

Marking /var/tmp/yum-root-Gh9BLR/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20.noarch.rpm to be installed

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package rpmfusion-free-release.noarch 0:20-1 will be installed

—> Package rpmfusion-nonfree-release.noarch 0:20-1 will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

==============================================================================

Package Arch Version

Repository Size

==============================================================================

Installing:

rpmfusion-free-release

noarch 20-1 /rpmfusion-free-release-20.noarch 9.7 k

rpmfusion-nonfree-release

noarch 20-1 /rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20.noarch 9.9 k

Transaction Summary

==============================================================================

Install 2 Packages

Total size: 20 k

Installed size: 20 k

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.

Installing : rpmfusion-free-release-20-1.noarch 1/2

Installing : rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20-1.noarch 2/2

Verifying : rpmfusion-free-release-20-1.noarch 1/2

Verifying : rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20-1.noarch 2/2

Installed:

rpmfusion-free-release.noarch 0:20-1

rpmfusion-nonfree-release.noarch 0:20-1

Complete!

Step #2: Install Broadcom Wireless Drivers on Linux Fedora 20

Type the following yum command:

# yum search kmod-wl

* COMMENT: update the system * ##

# yum update

* COMMENT: if a new kernel was installed reboot the system, before installing kmod-wl using following command i.e. reboot and issue the following command * ##

# yum install kmod-wl

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: langpacks, refresh-packagekit

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package kmod-wl.x86_64 0:6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22 will be installed

–> Processing Dependency: kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64 >= 6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22 for package: kmod-wl-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64

–> Running transaction check

—> Package kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64.x86_64 0:6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22 will be installed

–> Processing Dependency: wl-kmod-common >= 6.30.223.141 for package: kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64

–> Running transaction check

—> Package broadcom-wl.noarch 0:6.30.223.141-2.fc20 will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

===========================================================================================

Installing:

kmod-wl x86_64 6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22 rpmfusion-nonfree-updates 14 k

Installing for dependencies:

broadcom-wl noarch 6.30.223.141-2.fc20 rpmfusion-nonfree 19 k

kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64

x86_64 6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22 rpmfusion-nonfree-updates 1.1 M

Transaction Summary

===========================================================================================

Install 1 Package (+2 Dependent packages)

Total download size: 1.2 M

Installed size: 5.1 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/20/rpmfusion-nonfree/packages/broadcom-wl-6.30.223.141-2.fc20.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID b5f29883: NOKEY

Public key for broadcom-wl-6.30.223.141-2.fc20.noarch.rpm is not installed

(1/3): broadcom-wl-6.30.223.141-2.fc20.noarch.rpm | 19 kB 00:00:01

Public key for kmod-wl-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64.rpm is not installed

(2/3): kmod-wl-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64.rpm | 14 kB 00:00:01

(3/3): kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64 | 1.1 MB 00:00:04

Total 250 kB/s | 1.2 MB 00:00:04

Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rpmfusion-nonfree-fedora-20

Importing GPG key 0xB5F29883:

Userid : RPM Fusion nonfree repository for Fedora (20)

Fingerprint: a84d cf58 46cb 10b6 5c47 6c35 63c0 de8c b5f2 9883

Package : rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20-1.noarch (@/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-20.noarch)

From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rpmfusion-nonfree-fedora-20

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64 1/3

Installing : broadcom-wl-6.30.223.141-2.fc20.noarch 2/3

Installing : kmod-wl-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64 3/3

Verifying : broadcom-wl-6.30.223.141-2.fc20.noarch 1/3

Verifying : kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64 2/3

Verifying : kmod-wl-6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22.x86_64 3/3

Installed:

kmod-wl.x86_64 0:6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22

Dependency Installed:

broadcom-wl.noarch 0:6.30.223.141-2.fc20

kmod-wl-3.14.4-200.fc20.x86_64.x86_64 0:6.30.223.141-5.fc20.22

Complete!

Step #3: Reboot the system

Type the following reboot command to reboot the Linux based system:

# reboot

Step #4: Verify and connect to the Wireless network

Type the following command to verify that wireless interface is up and running:

$ ifconfig

$ iwconfig

Sample outputs:

wlp1s0 IEEE 802.11abg ESSID:off/any

Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated Tx-Power=200 dBm

Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off

Encryption key:off

Power Management:off

lo no wireless extensions.

p1p1 no wireless extensions.

You can now connect to your wireless network using Network Manager (top right side) > Select Wi-Fi > Select Network > Select a network > Connect > Enter password for wireless network:

Fig.02: Fedora Linux Wireless Connection

References

Brodcom 802.11 Linux STA driver source code.

b43 and b43legacy are drivers for the 802.11b/g/n family of wireless chips that Broadcom produces.

Fedora Linux 19/20 Install Adobe Flash Player

msrxp — Sat, 06 Jan 2018 07:46:48 +0000

want to use Pandora online radio on a Fedora Linux desktop. How can I install Adobe Flash Player Plugin version 11.2 with yum command on a Fedora Linux 64 bit desktop or 32 bit version 20 laptop system?

Adobe provided yum repository that contains RPM packages of Adobe Linux Software. You use yum command to install either 32 or 64 bit flash player on a Fedora Linux operating system. Please note that Adobe Flash Player is proprietary and closed source software.

Install Adobe Flash Player v11.2 on Fedora Linux 20/19

Open the Terminal app and become a root user:

$ su –

$ sudo -s

Fedora Linux install yum Repository RPM package

If you are using Fedora Linux 32bit (x86) computer, type:

# rpm -ivh http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-i386-1.0-1.noarch.rpm

If you are using Fedora Linux 64bit (x86_64/amd64) computer, type:

# rpm -ivh http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-x86_64-1.0-1.noarch.rpm

Sample outputs:

Retrieving http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-x86_64-1.0-1.noarch.rpm

warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.n6QLDN: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID f6777c67: NOKEY

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:adobe-release-x86_64-1.0-1 ################################# [100%]

Install Adobe Flash Player on a Fedora Linux

Exit and close Firefox browser. Type the following yum command to install flash player:

# yum install flash-plugin

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: langpacks, refresh-packagekit

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package flash-plugin.x86_64 0:11.2.202.359-release will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

=======================================================================================================

Installing:

flash-plugin x86_64 11.2.202.359-release adobe-linux-x86_64 6.9 M

Transaction Summary

=======================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 6.9 M

Installed size: 19 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/20/adobe-linux-x86_64/packages/flash-plugin-11.2.202.359-release.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID f6777c67: NOKEY

Public key for flash-plugin-11.2.202.359-release.x86_64.rpm is not installed

flash-plugin-11.2.202.359-release.x86_64.rpm | 6.9 MB 00:00:18

Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux

Importing GPG key 0xF6777C67:

Userid : Adobe Systems Incorporated (Linux RPM Signing Key)

Fingerprint: 78a8 75e9 7f09 06bd 6355 73fa 3a69 bd24 f677 7c67

Package : adobe-release-x86_64-1.0-1.noarch (installed)

From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.

Installing : flash-plugin-11.2.202.359-release.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : flash-plugin-11.2.202.359-release.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

flash-plugin.x86_64 0:11.2.202.359-release

Complete!

Test it

Open Firefox and type the following url:

about:plugins

Sample outputs:

Fig.01: Fedora Linux Firefox With Adobe Flash Plugins Installed

Or Visit youtube.com to play any video.

A Note About HTML 5

HTML5 is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (HTML4 was created in 1997) and as of August 2011 is still under development. However, many popular sites including youtube supports HTML5.

http://www.youtube.com/html5

From the page:

We support browsers that support both the video tag in HTML5 and either the h.264 video codec or the WebM format (with VP8 codec). These include:

=> Firefox 4

=> Google Chrome

=> Opera 10.6+

=> Apple Safari

=> Microsoft Internet Explorer 9

=> Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, 7, or 8 with Google Chrome Frame installed (Get Google Chrome Frame)

How To Install EPEL Repo on a CentOS and RHEL 7.x

msrxp — Fri, 05 Jan 2018 16:26:32 +0000

ow do I install the extra repositories such as Fedora EPEL repo on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux server version 7.x or CentOS Linux server version 7.x?

You can easily install various packages by configuring a CentOS 7.x or RHEL 7.x system to use Fedora EPEL repos and third party packages. Please note that these packages are not officially supported by either CentOS or Red Hat, but provides many popular packages and apps. This quick tutorial explains how to configure a CentOS or Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) version 7.x to use the Fedora Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) repository.

Commands to install EPEL repo on a CentOS Linux and RHEL 7.x

Open a shell prompt.

Or login to a host called server1 using ssh client.

Install epel using the following command: yum -y install epel-release

Refresh repo by typing the following command: yum repolist

How to install RHEL EPEL repository on Centos 7.x or RHEL 7.x

The following instructions assumes that you are running command as root user on a CentOS/RHEL 7.x system and want to use use Fedora Epel repos.

Method #1: Install Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux repository configuration (recommended)

Just type the following yum command on a CentOS 7 or RHEL 7:

sudo yum install epel-release

Sample outputs:

Fig.01: Installing epel-release package on a Centos 7

Note: If method #1 failed, try the following method #2 to install EPEL Repo.

Method #2: Install the extra EPEL repositories from dl.fedoraproject.org

The command is as follows to download epel release for CentOS and RHEL 7.x using wget command:

cd /tmp

wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm

ls *.rpm

To install epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm, type:

sudo yum install epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb

Examining epel-release-7-2.noarch.rpm: epel-release-7-2.noarch

Marking epel-release-7-2.noarch.rpm to be installed

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package epel-release.noarch 0:7-2 will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

================================================================================

Installing:

epel-release noarch 7-2 /epel-release-7-2.noarch 22 k

Transaction Summary

================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total size: 22 k

Installed size: 22 k

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : epel-release-7-2.noarch 1/1

Verifying : epel-release-7-2.noarch 1/1

Installed:

epel-release.noarch 0:7-2

Complete!

List your new repos

Once installed you should see epel repo using the following yum repolist command

$ sudo yum repolist

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb

repo id repo name status

epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 – x86_64 5,610

rhui-REGION-client-config-server-7/x86_64 Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.0 Client Configur 2

rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases/7Server/x86_64 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 7 (RPMs) 4,718

repolist: 10,330

Search and install package

To list all available packages under a repo called epel, enter:

$ sudo yum –disablerepo= * –enablerepo= epel list available

$ sudo yum –disablerepo= * –enablerepo= epel list available | grep package

$ sudo yum –disablerepo= * –enablerepo= epel list available | less

Sample outputs:

Fig. 02: List all available packages under a EPEL Repo on a CentOS/RHEL/Fedora Linux

Example: Search and install htop package from epel repo on a CentOS/RHEL 7.x

The commands are as follows (see yum our command guide for more info):

search it ##

sudo yum search htop

get more info, if found ##

sudo yum info htop

install it ##

sudo yum install htop

And, there you have it, a larger number of packages to install from EPEL repo on a CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) version 7.x.

CentOS/RHEL Use yum Command To Downgrade or Rollback Updates

msrxp — Fri, 05 Jan 2018 15:23:33 +0000

‘m a CentOS Linux 7.x server user. How can I use yum command to downgrade or rollback package updates on a RHEL (Red Hat)/CentOS/Scientific Linux server?

In this tutorial, you will learn:

How to downgrade installed packages using YUM

How to rollback installed package to previous version

The following examples only work on

CentOS or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4+

CentOS or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.x+

CentOS or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.x+

YUM Downgrade syntax for CentOS/RHEL v5.4+ users

The basic syntax is:

yum downgrade package1

yum downgrade package1 package2

This syntax also works on a CentOS/RHEL v6.x/7.x but I recommend the following yum history method for all users.

Examples

To downgrade zsh, enter:

sudo yum downgrade zsh

Sample outputs:

Fig.01: YUM Downgrade Packages on Fedora, CentOS, Red Hat (RHEL) Linux

This will downgrade a package to the previously highest version or you can specify the whole version and release number for the package to downgrade as follows:

sudo yum downgrade yum downgrade zsh-5.0.2-7.el7

YUM Downgrade syntax for CentOS/RHEL 6.x/7.x+ users

The syntax is:

## get list ##

yum history

Okay undo/downgrade it ##

yum history undo {NUMBER-HERE}

Examples

For demo purpose, I’m going to install/update zsh:

sudo yum install zsh

Now, list yum history:

sudo yum history

sudo yum history list

sudo yum history info

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered

11 | | 2015-05-05 11:14 | Update | 1

10 | | 2015-05-05 11:08 | Downgrade | 1

9 | | 2015-05-05 10:56 | Install | 1

8 | | 2015-05-05 10:56 | Install | 1

7 | | 2015-05-05 09:59 | Update | 1

6 | System | 2015-04-23 20:02 | I, O, U | 156 EE

5 | System | 2015-04-23 20:02 | Install | 1

4 | System | 2015-04-23 20:02 | Install | 1 EE

3 | System | 2015-04-23 20:02 | Install | 1

2 | System | 2015-04-23 20:02 | Install | 1

1 | System | 2015-04-23 20:00 | Install | 280

history list

Let us undo (downgrade) ID #11 (i.e. the last action of zsh update):

sudo yum history undo 11

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Undoing transaction 11, from Tue May 5 11:14:21 2015

Updated zsh-5.0.2-7.el7.x86_64 @base

Update 5.0.2-7.el7_1.1.x86_64 @updates

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirror.web-ster.com

* extras: mirror.raystedman.net

* updates: centos-distro.cavecreek.net

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-7.el7 will be a downgrade

—> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-7.el7_1.1 will be erased

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

===========================================================================================

Downgrading:

zsh x86_64 5.0.2-7.el7 base 2.4 M

Transaction Summary

===========================================================================================

Downgrade 1 Package

Total download size: 2.4 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

zsh-5.0.2-7.el7.x86_64.rpm | 2.4 MB 00:00:02

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : zsh-5.0.2-7.el7.x86_64 1/2

Cleanup : zsh-5.0.2-7.el7_1.1.x86_64 2/2

Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-7.el7.x86_64 1/2

Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-7.el7_1.1.x86_64 2/2

Removed:

zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-7.el7_1.1

Installed:

zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-7.el7

Complete!

Verify zsh package history, enter:

sudo yum history list zsh

Sample outputs:

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

ID | Command line | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered

12 | history undo 11 | 2015-05-05 11:19 | Downgrade | 1

11 | install zsh | 2015-05-05 11:14 | Update | 1

10 | downgrade zsh | 2015-05-05 11:08 | Downgrade | 1

8 | install zsh | 2015-05-05 10:56 | Install | 1

history list

A note about performing downgrades

There are a number of problems with performing downgrades. I’ll cover a few of them here (quoting from here):

* Scriptlets are not reversible: rpm scriptlets provide no way to reverse the process(es) they executed. For example a scriptlet (%pre, %preun, %post, %postun, etc) may run echo “Foo foo foo” >> /etc/some/file. There’s no way to undo that when you perform a downgrade.

Downgrading works provided the user data/user config is not modified by an update in a one-way process.
Examples: mysql upgrade from 4->5 will convert a db, but going back the other way won’t fly
* Upgrading a desktop application from one version to the next major version modifies config files in such a way but cannot modify them back.
* There are certain processes which no one is ever going to do the work to make them reversible: lvm1->lvm2, db transitions, udev migration, ext3->ext4.
Currently the depsolver doesn’t work very well for downgrades, as it can’t downgrade extra packages. However you can use tools like yum-debug-dump and yum-debug-restore, which should include all packages needed.
* There is now a downgrade command.

How To Join Several Partition Together To Form a Single Larger One On a Linux Using mhddfs

omid — Fri, 05 Jan 2018 14:47:23 +0000

‘ve three old hard drives: sized 60, 60 and 120 GB. And 200 GB of video files, which I need to store on these drives. How would I store all my files on three hard drive without split a file into pieces or creating RAID array? How can I combines a several mount points (partitions) into the single one on a Linux operating systems?

The easiest and fastest solution is to use mhddfs driver on Linux operating systems. It is a fuse-based file system for unifying several mount points into one. From the man page:

The mhddfs (fuse) file system allows to unite a several mount points (or directories) to the single one. So a one big filesystem is simulated and this makes it possible to combine a several hard drives or network file systems. This system is like unionfs but it can choose a drive with the most of free space, and move the data between drives transparently for the applications. While writing files they are written to a 1st hdd until the hdd has the free space (see mlimit option), then they are written on a 2nd hdd, then to 3rd etc. df will show a total statistics of all filesystems like there is a big one hdd. If an overflow arises while writing to the hdd1 then a file content already written will be transferred to a hdd containing enough of free space for a file. The transferring is processed on-the-fly, fully transparent for the application that is writing. So this behaviour simulates a big file system.

In this tutorial you will learn how to install and configure MHDDFS virtual storage pool on a Linux operating systems.

Our sample setup

For demo purpose I’ve three hard disks drive /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdc1, and /dev/sdd1 as follows:

# df

Sample outputs:

Fig.01 My 3 hard drives are mounted at /disk1,/disk2 and /disk3

And files in my /disk{1,2,3}/ dirs are as follows:

# ls -l /disk{1,2,3}

Sample outputs:

/disk1:

total 28

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 8 14:25 app1

drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Aug 8 14:20 lost+found

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 7545 Aug 8 14:26 resume.txt

/disk2:

total 28

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 8 14:25 app2

drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Aug 8 14:20 lost+found

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 6303 Aug 8 14:26 party.jpg

/disk3:

total 40

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 8 14:25 app3

drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Aug 8 14:21 lost+found

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 17080 Aug 8 14:26 output.log

Installation

Let us see how to install mhddfs package on different Linux distros.

Install mhddfs package on a Debian/Ubuntu/Mint Linux & Co

Type the following apt-get command to install mhddfs:

# apt-get install mhddfs

Sample outputs:

Fig.02: Install mhddfs package

Install mhddfs package on a Fedora/RHEL/CentOS Linux & Co

Turn on EPEL repo and type the following command:

# yum install mhddfs

Fedora Linux v22.x+ user type the following command:

# dnf install mhddfs

Sample outputs:

Fig.03: Install mhddfs rpm package

Configuration

First, create a new mount point directory called /virtual.data, enter:

# mkdir /virtual.data

To join all three drives (see fig.01) together, enter:

# mhddfs /disk1,/disk2,/disk3 /virtual.data -o allow_other

Sample outputs:

Fig.04: mhddfs in action

That’s all. You can now verify that /virtual.data/ as a single bing volume i.e. several directories combined, simulating a single big volume which can merge several hard drives or remote file systems:

# df

Sample outputs:

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda1 39428520 6109320 31293268 17% /

udev 10240 0 10240 0% /dev

tmpfs 811792 9084 802708 2% /run

tmpfs 2029472 144 2029328 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock

tmpfs 2029472 0 2029472 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

tmpfs 405896 16 405880 1% /run/user/1000

/dev/sdb1 4061888 8196 3827644 1% /disk1

/dev/sdc1 4061888 8196 3827644 1% /disk2

/dev/sdd1 4061888 8208 3827632 1% /disk3

/disk1;/disk2;/disk3 12185664 24600 11482920 1% /virtual.data

Also, note down ls -l command output:

# ls -l /virtual.data/

total 64

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 8 14:25 app1

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 8 14:25 app2

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 8 14:25 app3

drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Aug 8 14:20 lost+found

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 17080 Aug 8 14:26 output.log

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 6303 Aug 8 14:26 party.jpg

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 7545 Aug 8 14:26 resume.txt

You can now copy files or create new directories as per your requirement:

# cd /virtual.data/

# mkdir Music

# rsync -avp /somewhere/* Music/

….

Update /etc/fstab

Update /etc/fstab file as follows:

mhddfs#/disk1,/disk2,disk3 /virtual.data/ fuse defaults,allow_other 0 0

How do I unmount mhddfs based fuse file systems

Use the umount command to detaches the /virtual.data/ file system:

# umount /virtual.data/

For more info type see mhddfs man page.

How To Install Google Chrome 62 On a RHEL/CentOS 7 and Fedora Linux 26 Using Yum Command

omid — Fri, 05 Jan 2018 14:41:18 +0000

ow do I installed the latest version of Google Chrome v45 on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS Linux version 7.x and Fedora Linux v22/23/24/25/26 using the yum command line option?

Google Chrome is a browser that combines a minimal design with sophisticated technology to make the web faster, safer, and easier. You can install it on any Linux distro including CentOS, RHEL, and Fedora Linux.

Find out if your Linux distro is a 32bit or 64 bit

Type the following command Linux kernel and distro is running in 32bit or 64bit mode:

echo You are using $(getconf LONG_BIT) bit Linux distro.

Outputs:

You are using 64 bit Linux distro.

OR try:

$ uname -m

x86_64

Procedure to install Google Chrome 62 on a RHEL/CentOS/Fedora Linux:

Here is how to install and use the Google Chrome 62 in five easy steps:

Open the Terminal application. Grab 64bit Google Chrome.

Type the following command to download 64 bit version of Google Chrome:

wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm

Install Google Chrome and its dependencies on a CentOS/RHEL, type:

sudo yum install ./google-chrome-stable_current_*.rpm

Start Google Chrome from the CLI:

google-chrome &

Sample outputs from yum command:

Fig.01 Installing Chrome Web Browser Using Yum Command

Sample session:

Fig.02: About Google Chrome Version Number

Google Chrome 62 running on my Fedora Linux desktop:

Google Chrome 62 in action on a Fedora Linux 26

Please note that these instructions always installs the latest version of Google Chrome on a CentOS/RHEL/Fedora Linux.

A note about Fedora Linux v24.x/25.x/26.x users

Type the following dnf command:

$ sudo dnf install google-chrome-stable_current_*.rpm

Sample outputs:

Fig.03: Installing Google Chrome on a Fedora using dnf command

A note about Google chrome repo file

The above procedure creates /etc/yum.repos.d/google-chrome.repo file as follows. This is useful to automatically update your Google Chrome version:

$ cat /etc/yum.repos.d/google-chrome.repo

Sample outputs:

[google-chrome]

name=google-chrome

baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/rpm/stable/x86_64

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=https://dl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub

How do I upgrade Google Chrome from an older version?

You can simply update it by typing the following command:

$ sudo yum update google-chrome-stable

OR use the following dnf command to update it on a Fedora Linux:

$ sudo dnf update google-chrome-stable

How To Install Speedtest-cli On a CentOS / RHEL / Scientific / Fedora Linux To Check Internet Speed

omid — Fri, 05 Jan 2018 14:29:10 +0000

do not want to use Adobe flash based speed testing site due to security concern on my desktop. How do I install Speedtest-cli on a CentOS Linux or Fedora Linux or Red Hat Enterise Linux (RHEL) for checking the Internet speed?

Adobe Flash vulnerabilities are a major security issue for Linux users and speedtest.net use Adobe Flash. But, you can check the Internet speed with Python based CLI tool called Speedtest-cli. In this quick tutorial you will learn how to install speedtest-cli on a CentOS/RHE/Fedora/Scientific Linux desktop server or or laptop computer.

Step 1: Install python

Type the following yum command to install Python on a CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux:

$ sudo yum install python

Type the following dnf command to install Python on a Fedora Linux v22+:

$ sudo dnf install python

Step 2: Download speedtest_cli.py

Type the following wget command to grab the speedtest_cli.py client:

$ wget -O speedtest-cli https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sivel/speedtest-cli/master/speedtest.py

$ chmod +x speedtest-cli

Fig.01: Grab speedtest_cli.py

Step 3: Check the Internet speed

Simply type the following command:

$ ./speedtest-cli

$ python speedtest-cli

Sample outputs:

Retrieving speedtest.net configuration…

Retrieving speedtest.net server list…

Testing from nixcraft Dutch Holdings BV (5.151.xx.yyy)…

Selecting best server based on latency…

Hosted by SoftLayer Technologies, Inc. (Amsterdam) [6.45 km]: 2.317 ms

Testing download speed………………………………….

Download: 925.88 Mbit/s

Testing upload speed…………………………………………..

Upload: 105.69 Mbit/s

To see speed values in bytes instead of bits pass the –bytes option:

$ ./speedtest-cli –bytes

To generate and provide a URL to the speedtest.net share results image pass the –share option:

$ ./speedtest-cli –share

Of course, you can combine both the options:

$ ./speedtest-cli –share –bytes

Sample outputs:

Gif.01: Speedtest_cli.py in action

How do I specify a server ID to test against?

First, grab a server list, enter:

$ wget http://www.speedtest.net/speedtest-servers.php

To view a server ID, enter:

$ more speedtest-servers.php

To search a server ID, enter:

$ grep city-name speedtest-servers.php

$ grep country-name speedtest-servers.php

$ grep Tampa, FL speedtest-servers.php

OR just display a server ID:

$ grep Tampa, FL speedtest-servers.php | egrep -o id= [0-9]{4}

Sample outputs:

id= 2137

id= 1296

Next use the server ID 2137:

$ ./speedtest-cli –server 2137

Sample outputs:

Fig.02: speedtest-cli in action

Not a fan of speedtest.net?

No worries. Try wget, lftp or specilized tool like iperf on a Linux to test the Internet or Intranet speed from the command line.

Page not found – ShopingServer Wiki

Fedora Linux: Restart / Stop / Start DHCPD Server Command

OS X: Create and use Live USB Fedora Linux Media

first unmount the usb media ##

Now, write an iso image to the usb media in raw format. ##

I m using Fedora 20 Live ISO Image downloaded from https://fedoraproject.org/ ##

CentOS / RHEL / Fedora Linux: Use Yum Command With A Proxy Server

Fedora Linux 20: Install Broadcom-wl STA BCM43228 Wireless Driver

*** COMMENT: update the system *** ##

*** COMMENT: if a new kernel was installed reboot the system, before installing kmod-wl using following command i.e. reboot and issue the following command *** ##

Fedora Linux 19/20 Install Adobe Flash Player

How To Install EPEL Repo on a CentOS and RHEL 7.x

search it ##

get more info, if found ##

install it ##

CentOS/RHEL Use yum Command To Downgrade or Rollback Updates

Okay undo/downgrade it ##

How To Join Several Partition Together To Form a Single Larger One On a Linux Using mhddfs

How To Install Google Chrome 62 On a RHEL/CentOS 7 and Fedora Linux 26 Using Yum Command

How To Install Speedtest-cli On a CentOS / RHEL / Scientific / Fedora Linux To Check Internet Speed

* COMMENT: update the system * ##

* COMMENT: if a new kernel was installed reboot the system, before installing kmod-wl using following command i.e. reboot and issue the following command * ##