1. Silence all the boring messages related to replying to emails

If you are constantly confronted with the Reply All message for your emails and you are frustrated with this, there is a solution to this problem.

• Open the iPhone Mail app.
• Inside the mailbox, swipe left to right.
• Touch More then Mute.
• If you decide to return to the conversation mode, repeat the steps above, but select UnMute.

2. Use Siri for live radio broadcasting

iOS 13 allows you to use Siri to listen to popular radio stations.

• Hold down the Power button or say “Hey Siri” to enable Siri.
• Say “Siri, Play radio station” and finally the name of the radio station.

3. Type faster by swapping

For just a few months, Apple has allowed users to swap typing capabilities by installing high-end keyboards such as GBoard. You do not need to go to AppStore to access such a feature. If you want to use Apple’s new QuickPath type, install iOS 13 and write a text like normal. Swipe and hold on any letter you want to enter, such as type. Of course, it will take some time for you to get used to it.

4. Activate dark mode

One of the noteworthy features that everyone was expecting was darkness. With this feature, all UI backgrounds are blacked out so that the user’s eyes can relax at night. Follow these steps to enable this method.

• Say “Hey, Siri, turn on Dark Mode”
• If you do not want to use Siri, log in to the Control Center.
• Hold your finger on the Brightness that looks like the sun.
• In the lower left corner, tap on Appearance Light and use the above feature.

5. Change the profile photo

If you want to have a profile photo follow these steps.

• Open Messages.
• Select the three dot icon.
• Select Edit Name and Photo.
• Touch the profile icon to change your photo.
• You can take a photo of yourself using the camera, upload a photo from the gallery, or even use an animation.

6. Change WiFi networks faster

Instead of opening Settings to select Wi-Fi networks, you can choose a faster way.

• Open the Control Center.
• Hold your finger in the middle of the Wi-Fi widget.
• Hold your finger over the Wi-Fi bar icon to open the list of available networks. It should be noted that the above trick also applies to pairing devices via Bluetooth.

7. Mute anonymous calls

Follow these steps to avoid having to answer anonymous calls (Figure 7).

• Open the Settings app.
• Tap on Phone.
• Change the Silence Unknown Callers switch.

8. Automatically close browser tabs

This trick allows the phone’s browser to work smoother. Of course, this trick only applies to the Safari browser.

• Open Settings.
• Touch Safari.
• Tap on Close Tabs.
• You can set tabs to close daily, weekly, or monthly or manually.

9. Increase iPhone battery life

Apple has a new option called “Optimized Battery Charging” and added tothe battery health to increase the battery life of devices with iOS 13. This feature understands the daily charging routine using machine learning and uses algorithms to optimize battery life. Follow the steps below to enable the above feature.

• Open Settings.
• Scroll to the bottom of the screen and touch Battery.
• Touch Battery Health.
• Set the switch to On.

10. Create a Facebook contact group

You have probably contacted your friends on Facebook several times already. Have you ever talked to several people on Facebook at the same time? If you would like to do this, follow the steps below (Figure 10)

• Open the Facebook app.
• Touch the “+” button in the upper right corner of the screen.
• Enter the name or number of the person you want to call first.
• The maximum capacity of the audience that this program can support is 30.
• Tap Video or Audio to make a face-to-face call.

11. Get to the calculator faster

Many users do not know that there is a quicker and easier way to access the calculator, just swipe right on the home screen, type in math until the iPhone calculates for you.

12. Simply extend battery life

There is an option called “Low Power Mode” on the iPhone that reduces the amount of charge loss by turning off items that cause fast battery consumption (Figure 12).

• Open Settings.
• Touch Battery.
• Enable Low Power Mode.

13. Make your phone flash when you have an alarm

You know that when you have an alert or a notification, the iPhone’s LED lights flash. Follow the steps below to enable the above feature (Figure 13)

• Open Settings and tap “General”.
• Touch Accessibility “.
• Scroll down the screen and touch “Enable LED Flash for Alerts”.

14. Take better photos

There is a deeper level of depth to the camera in the iPhone’s settings, which is really interesting to see.

• Open Settings and scroll to the bottom of the list.
• Tap “Camera”.
• Enable Grid.

15. Avoid asking apps for feedback

It’s true that feedback is very important to developers, but pop-up screen can be annoying. Fortunately, there is a solution to this problem:

• Open Settings.
• Tap the iTunes & App Store.
• Set In-App Ratings & Reviews to Off.

16. Send a text message when you do not answer a call

When you can’t answer a call, but you don’t have the time to send a message, the iPhone gives you three pre-written options.
“Sorry, I can’t talk right now,” “I’m on my way,” and “Can I call you later?”
Follow the steps below to enjoy the above feature (Figure 16).

• Enter Settings and touch Phone.
• Tap “Respond with Text”.
• Touch any answer you want to edit.
• Enter new text.

Set the timer in the shortest time

If you are using the iPhone timer too much, you need to know that there is a faster way to get there.

• Enter Control Center.
• Hold your finger on it instead of tapping on the timer.
• Swipe up to increase the time.
• Touch Start.

18. Make personalized waves

From now on you can create animated avatars for your face called Wave

• Open the Messages app.
• Touch the animated icon with the monkey photo on it.
• Swipe to the right + sign and tap New Memoji.
• Choose things like skin color, hair style, age, eye color, nose and more.

19. Add some faces to the facebook ID

Apple’s new version of iOS allows users to register multiple faces to unlock a device.

• Enter Settings and tap Face ID & Passcode.
• Enter your passcode.
• Touch Set Up an Alternate Appearance.
• Scan your face and follow the instructions.

20. Measure objects with your iPhone

IOS 12 has added a new feature that allows you to measure rooms and objects. Follow these steps to do this

• Open the Measure app.
• Move the iPhone around where you are so it can analyze the area.
• Hold the phone in such a way that it is facing exactly the object you want to measure.
• Move your phone until you see a white circle with a dot in the center.
• Align the white dot with the edge of the object you want to measure.
• Press the button with the “+” sign.
• Swipe your finger against the edge of the object.
• Press the button with the “+” sign.
• The app shows the estimated size.

21. Use the screen to limit your iPhone usage

If you want to limit the amount of time you spend on social networks, iOS 12 has a new feature called Screen Time. Follow these steps to enable this feature.

• Enter Settings.
• Tap Screen Time.
• Tap App Limits.
• Select Add Limit.
• Tap Category.
• Touch Add.
• Select Time.
• Tap the arrow at the top left to save it.

22. Add effects to photos

From iOS 12 onwards you can add text, filters and shapes to photos and selfies.

• Open the Messages app.
• Tap the camera icon at the bottom left.
• Take a photo or a selfie.
• Tap Effects.
• Tap Shapes, Text, or Filters.
• Drag objects on your own.
• Tap the submit button to send the edited photo.

23. Get the most out of 3D

If you put more pressure on touchscreen, apps can respond to you by displaying menus, more texts, or playing animations. For example, the Camera app provides a shortcut to selfie, movie recording, QR code scanning and portrait photography.

24. Make a shortcut

Another exciting feature of iOS is the shortcuts. Follow the steps below to create or download more shortcuts (Figure 24).

• Enter the App Store.
• Search for the word Shortcuts.
• Download the app.
• Open the app.
• Tap Get Started.
• Tap Gallery.
• Touch the shortcut you want to use.
• Tap Get Shortcut.
• Follow the steps to set up a new shortcut.

25. One-handed keyboard

As the screen of phones gets larger, typing becomes more difficult, but you can solve this problem by enabling one-handed functionality.

• Hover over the emoji or icon on the bottom left of the keyboard.
• Select the right or left hand keyboard icon.
• Tap the arrow in the blank area of ​​the keyboard to return to the previous mode.

26. Use the Document Scanner in the Notes app

Follow these steps to access this feature.

• Open the Notes app.
• Make a new note or open an existing note.
• Tap the “+” icon at the top of the iPhone keyboard.
• Touch Scan Documents.
• Use the shutter or volume button to take a photo of the document.
• If needed, tap and drag the corners of the document to adjust it.
• Touch Save.

27. Edit the screenshots

To edit the screenshot, follow these steps:

• Capture screenshots simultaneously by pressing the Power and Home buttons.
• Quickly tap the screenshot thumbnail you see at the bottom left of the screen.
• From here you can crop the screenshot, highlight some of the screenshots, and more.
• When editing is complete, tap Done at the top right of the screen.

The materials mentioned are part of the tricks that can be applied to versions 12 and 13 of the iOS operating system.

What is Near Field Communication Technology?

Near Field Communication (NFC) technology Near Field Communication is a standard of communication for mobile devices such as mobile phones, smart watches and more. This technology allows mobile devices to establish a specific radio communication and exchange data between them. For the above technology to work properly, the devices need to be very close together. In order for a device to use the device above, it is necessary to have a near-field communication chip installed on the devices.

How Does Near Field Communication Technology Work?

Near-field communication technology works by identifying radio frequencies and allowing devices to establish a wireless connection. Note that when communicating based on this radio frequency, two devices are capable of transmitting a small amount of information. In the above method, devices do not need to enter PINs or passwords to exchange information. The most important factor that has made the technology popular is its low energy consumption.

What are the applications of near field communication technology?

In the last few years, companies have considered various applications for this important technology, including:

Online and Wireless Payments: Wireless electronic payments have been gaining popularity through smartphones. For example, features like Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, Android Pay, and the like are some of the most well-known examples. All three programs allow users to make their payments in the simplest way by using a domain connection close to users. That is why smart watches equipped with the above technology have become extremely popular with users because they allow the device owner to communicate with electronic payment services without intermediary.

Instant printing :

Printers equipped with near field communication technology allow users to connect their smartphone to the printer wirelessly and in just a few seconds receive the image as a printed digital photo. To achieve such a valuable feature, the user only needs to use applications such as Mobile Print. Printers equipped with wireless connectivity provide a simpler way of doing this.

Transferring Images from Smartphone to Smart TV :

Similar to the function described above for printers, the near-field communication technology also interacts

the TVs, provided the Smart TV is equipped with the above technology. In most smart TVs today, when the phone comes close to the TV, it allows the transfer of images to the screen.

Battery Charging for Smart Devices :

In Smart Battery Charging mode, the above technology allows you to charge the device

without the need for a cable or pad.

Voice Transfer to Speakers :

Some Bluetooth speakers on the market, such as the Sony SRS-XB10 – Blauw models,

support the feature of transferring smartphone to speaker. Just place the smartphone in the area where NFC speaker technology supports it to complete the sending process.

 Sony speakers, for example, work well with smartphones like the Sony Xperia, but in other models the user needs applications like the NFC Easy Connect.

Using the cards used in training centers and public transport :

You are likely to experience this at your own university when ordering meals online and going to a self-service campus,

then placing your food card in front of the card reader until the device Show

that you have ordered food for the current day You are using a proximity communication chip located in the card.

A similar mechanism is used in public transport.

Applying for Door Openings :

NFC technology is nowadays used to open doors for homes and cars. Last year, the CCC unveiled a new technology that allows the car to be unlocked and turned on. Big food companies such as Toyota, Benz, BMW, Hyundai,

and others have added such technology to their cars and are beginning to remove today’s physical keys.

In other words, in a few years,

the physical keys of cars will be replaced by digital keys so that owners can unlock the door via watch or smartphone.

It should be noted that near-field communication technology has been introduced into the Iranian technology market by operators such as Irancell and First Mobile to improve the status of bank payments.

These operators provided the necessary infrastructure to facilitate payment at metro stations, city buses and some stores with the help of a card reader.

Note that smartphones that do not have the above label may also have NFC tags

on the back of the device or use special SIM cards.

 Irancell has been successful in this regard and is a worthwhile endeavor with the introduction of software that enables people to make mobile payments in conjunction with the Irancell NFC card.

1. Find your Mac’s Android phone Networks address

If you are a network administrator, you will most likely spend more time on Macs. Macadress is used to identify a device in a network and manage devices.

 It is true that Macadress is similar to device ID, but it is used specifically to communicate over the network. You can use MacAddress to restrict access of a specific device to the network, implement network policies, and the like.

 As you can see, Macadresses play an important role in the networking world, so you need to know how to find Macadresses for Android phones.

 The easiest way to find a Macadress on an Android phone is to go to the About section of the device. To view your Mac address, go to Settings and touch About device, then touch Status to view the Mac address under the WiFi MAC address.

2. Find Networks Macadress by dialing

If you love grammar codes, this option is most likely designed for you. Like Android secret codes, a grammar code is provided to find the Mac address on your Android phone. Open the Phone Dialer app and type and dial * # * # 232338 # * #.

A window will appear that shows the MAC address of the device. Note that this technique does not apply to all Android phones. For example, this technique does not work on Samsung phones.

3. Use a browser to find the MAC address

If you have to constantly check your Android phone’s Mac address, it’s best to go for more professional options. There are several programs designed to do this, which is our What’s MAC address.

 Simply install and run the app to show the Mac address of the device.

This program not only shows the Mac address of the device, it also shows the SSID and BSSID (WiFi Mac address) which can be useful in some cases.

4. Improved WiFi signal strength on Android

In Android phones, WiFi plays the main role of Internet connection, but how to amplify the WiFi signal and enjoy high speed Internet?

The answer lies in the analysis of WiFi. You should check the WiFi signals and choose the best place to place the router. Most WiFi signal analyzer programs such as Wifi Analyzer do well.

These software’s ability to scan and graphically display Wi-Fi signals in the form of channels used when troubleshooting and interfering with wireless signals at home or in the workplace.

For example, someone in Windows might create a virtual hotspot at work in Windows, but don’t know about his or her Wi-Fi channel, in which case the signal analyzer programs will help you.

 The Wi-Fi Analyzer application for Android phones scans the nearest access points around you and shows what point has the best signal and the least amount of traffic.

 This Android app can boost the Android phone’s WiFi signal.

 To find the best channel for WiFi, install and run Wifi Analyzer on your phone, switch to the graphical display option, and find the best place to get powerful WiFi signals.

The above program provides you with a precise measurement tool to find the most powerful signal.

5. View and retrieve the WiFi passwords stored on your Android phone

Users connect to different WiFi networks at home, at work, or when visiting a friend’s home, sometimes forgetting their WiFi connection password.

 Android offers users the ability to retrieve passwords stored on an Android phone. On Android phones, the WiFi password is stored in the root directory of the device. You need root access to view this folder.

In this folder you will find everything that is security related, such as WEP, WPA, WPA-2 security patterns, and so on. To view passwords stored on your Android phone, the phone must be rooted. On the rooted Android phone, open the ES File Explorer app and then turn on Check Root Explorer.

Open the Device folder

And go to / data / misc / wifi.

In this folder you will find various files. Open the wpa_supplicant.conf file inside ES File Text Editor.

Saved passwords are visible under the Saved Wifi Password. ssid = xxx WiFi network name and psk = xxxx is WiFi password

.

6. Check and block access of other devices to the WiFi network

If you feel that bandwidth is being consume by other devices for no reason, you should disconnect the devices with WiFi. To check this, you must first find the devices that are connected to the WiFi network. Wifi Inspect is a good Android application that lets you do that.

It can show information like the Wi-Fi network you’re connected to, and do things like port scanning, upnp scanning, ping, and so on.

After identifying WiFi-connected devices, you must use the Block WiFi – Wifi Inspector tool to block them. This program allows you to disable access to all WiFi-connected devices in seconds and at high speeds.

7. Find the number of devices connected to WiFi

In most cases you do not know exactly how many devices are connecting to the WiFi network. There are two ways to find out, log in to the router’s admin panel and view the number of devices connected to the Internet, or install applications designed for that purpose on the device you are using.

Fing is one of the most prestigious Android apps that lets you view the number of WiFi-connected devices with their Mac address, search for an IP address or Mac address, search for services (FTP, SSH), DNS dialog Do, ping and do network-related tasks.

8. WiFi network protection against hacker attacks, MITM and information extraction

Measures such as restricting devices connected to the network can be partially counteracted by cyberattacks, but what about mid-range attacks, eavesdropping, Wi-Fi access, and other types of hacker attacks? Certain software needs to be used to protect Android phones against this type of attack.

Android and Windows applications such as DroidSheep, ettercap, FaceNiff, Cain & Abel use special techniques to allow you to find security issues with Wi-Fi networks and to prevent unauthorized access to Wi-Fi networks or information interception.

 For example, wifi Protector is an Android security program designed to counter ARP spoofing attacks and protect Wi-Fi networks.

The program continually monitors network and network related parameters. When it detects abnormal behavior, an alert indicates that the type of alert can be configured.

For example,

the WifiKill app provides good functionality when the phone is root, while in standard mode it also offers a good security mechanism that does not need to be configure,

synchronization of the program’s performance with the needs of the work, hacker software is not detect,

functional In complete silence without producing annoying sounds, customizable alerts, song playback during attack,

enable vibration mode when detecting an attack pattern, ability to work on complex local area networks (similar to vWLAN and WDS), implement automated security measures,

deploy Minimal resources and fewer Battery consumption is one of the features of this software.

9. Change the Mac address of the Android phone

Every Internet user has their own IP address and Mac address, but in some cases the Mac address of the Android phone needs to be change to prevent hacker attacks or when the Mac address is block for inaccessible WiFi. To change the phone’s Mac address,

you first need to root the phone and then install the Mac Spoof app on your phone. This program allows you to change the phone’s address without any complexity (you can change it in another way.

You need BusyBox and Terminal App software. The above method should be root.) To download and install the software, open the terminal app that gives you a simulator terminal and type in the subusybox iplink show eth0 command, which shows the current URL:

now busybox ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:11 command: 22: 33: 44: 55 Make sure you have Mac Adress instead of 00: 11: 22: 33: 44: 55. Write the busybox iplink show eth0 command and see the result.

10. How to view the status of calls, messages, data and WiFi usage on Android?

If you want to monitor SMS messages, data and WiFi usage accurately through an application software, Track It Call, SMS, Data Monitor software is designing for you. The software provides you with daily, weekly, monthly, or customized schedules for calls, text messages, traffic, or the amount of traffic you use from your mobile Internet or WiFi. The above information is shown graphically and visually so that the user can properly analyze the reports.

11. Turn your Android phone into a video surveillance webcam

The Android phone can make the user needless to buy a webcam by becoming a networked webcam. Users can also use the Android phone camera as a video surveillance camera.

You need IP Webcam software to do this. You can control it from any Android device or computer by installing this application on your Android phone and publish live video streams over the WiFi network.

 When you install the above software on your Android phone, there are some interesting options that allow you to view the camera on any platform by a VLC player or web browser.

The program allows streaming video over the WiFi network with or without voice and without internet access. All you have to do is install the app on your phone, turn on your phone’s WiFi, and select the Start Server software option.

This will turn on the camera and the bottom of the screen will display an IP number with the port. If you enter the IP address and port number into your browser, access to the admin panel will appear and a video stream will appear on the computer screen.

In the settings of this control panel you can enable or disable the sound option

and switch to the back camera when displaying the image from the back of the phone. There are other interesting options that you will get to know over time.

12. Find wireless networks whose SSID is not visible

Today’s routers come with powerful security features like cryptographic patterns,

filtering Macadresses, disabling DHCP and using static IP addresses and hiding SSIDs.

 Any wireless security mechanism helps you reduce the level of unauthorized users access to the network.

Hiding the wireless network name in some cases creates problems for employees of an organization. inSSIDer is free and open source software used for WiFi scanning. This program can be used without any confusing configuration.

 When you download and install the software, inSSIDer will automatically start scanning the available access points. Once the relevant evaluation is complete, it provides a list of SSIDs, channels, RSSIs, Macaddresses, maximum transmission rates, network types, and network-related information.

Of course,

software applications are not limit to the above and you can use it to optimize and manage a WiFi network.

13. An ideal firewall to reduce data usage

DroidWall is a powerful firewall for Android devices

that allows you to impose restrictions on applications that are suppose to access the Internet via WiFi or cellular networks.

 Like desktop firewalls, this program allows certain applications to connect to the Internet or impose restrictions on applications. It needs to be explained that this program requires root access.

14. View the current networks speed in the Android status bar

If you are regularly downloading files on your Android phone but are not aware of the download speed, you should use Internet Speed ​​Lite Meter software.

When the above application is install on the Android phone, some will appear in the status bar at the top of the screen showing the current speed of the Internet.

Features of this software include real-time information on network speed,

separation of Wi-Fi and cellular network statistical reporting, and traffic data monitoring over the past 30 days.

15. Wirelessly transfer files from Android to PC

Various software such as Zappia, ShareIT, SendAnywhere, etc. are providing to transfer files wirelessly from Android to PC. AirDroid software is another ideal free option that lets you access and manage files on your Android phone or tablet from Windows, Linux and Mac.

Featured features include file transfer across platforms,

remote access and control (no need for rooting), call and SMS management, mirrored notification display, and PC call response

According to Cisco, mobile data traffic will double by ten times between 2014 and 2019, with about a quarter of that being video traffic.

The constraints on the one hand, and the growing demand for it, on the other, have paved the way for a large amount of research work to optimally allocate resources between users.

In this article we will summarize some of the results of this research. The issues mentioned in this article are just part of a lot of efforts to meet the growing needs of users.

Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet)
At present, researchers have come close to the nominal capacity of the wireless channel by presenting advanced modulation and coding techniques.

Research in this area continues, but the solutions present are no longer effective, and as a result, researchers are thinking to change the network architecture. They make this change by improving efficiency per unit area.

We will illustrate this with an example; suppose every wireless channel is a street, we know that the streets of the city are congest and no more cars can be accommodating, but this can be solve by building new streets.

 In the field of cellular networks,

one of the basic solutions to increase permeability is to set up a small cell called the femtocell. In femtosecils, a base station (BS) is installed in each building, with its antenna radius inside the building.

 (Figure 1) This allows users of the same building to use the same frequency spectrum that users of adjacent buildings are using, which means increasing network efficiency per unit area.

 Also in this technique, as the transmitter and receiver are closer to each other than the macrosol-based networks (large cells), the power consumption of both is reduced.

One of the issues in heterogeneous networks is how the base station is selecting by the equipment. In the current cellular telecommunications networks, each user is connected to only one base station.

 Base station selection is usually based on which one has a better signal-to-noise ratio.

 In heterogeneous networks, there may be a large number of base stations with different types of communication technologies. For example, consider a user near a 3G antenna and a 4G antenna.

 Even if the signal-to-noise ratio of the 3G station is higher, in some circumstances the 4G station may provide a higher rate and be a better option.

 As a result, more complex criteria are needed to select the base cell to communicate with the telecommunications center.

Another important issue is the cost of setting up and installing many small cells. Creating a standalone fiber network for communication between femtocell antennas is costly. Internet access in buildings, including ADSL, can also be used for this purpose.

Despite lower costs, the use of the Internet to connect to base stations raises concerns about the quality of service. However, the economic issues of heterogeneous networks need to be properly planned.

Device-to-Device Communications
D2D has been proposed as a way to improve the spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of cellular wireless networks;

especially in high-density networks,

D2D communications can greatly enhance spectral efficiency because of the reuse of a frequency due to short-range links.

More D2D. However, proper management of radio resources in this architecture is necessary to take advantage of it.

It may come to the audience’s mind that familiar technologies such as Bluetooth

and ZigBee are device-base and do not require a base station, so what could be the innovation aspect of this?

 Of course, these technologies are based on device-to-device communication, but they use free frequency that does not require a license.

 In contrast, the operator must purchase the frequency spectrum of mobile networks at a high cost. In D2D, devices typically use the same frequency used to exchange data between devices and telecommunications centers.

Of course,

two devices may also use free frequency to communicate with each other, but this is vanish from the user’s perspective. Suppose two users interact in different rooms of a building.

 In the usual case, the corresponding traffic passes through the base station and the telecommunications center. But in D2D communication, the signal is exchanged directly between the two phones.

For this purpose, the free or operator-specific frequency may be used, which in each case will not be different from a regular call to the user, and the communication model and frequency will be changed automatically.

Figure 2 shows an overview of a network with device-to-device communications. This shows the base station in the center.

Figure 1.

In section (1) a number of police cars have used each other as relays to transmit information to the base station.

Similarly,

in section (4) some phones also act as relays for other phones. In fact, in D2D communications it may be the purpose of transmitting or receiving a signal to the base station.

Collaboration of the devices together increases the base station’s antenna radius. Section 2 also establishes a content distribution network in which each handset transmits the information received from the base station in full to its neighbors.

A practical application for this mode is live television broadcasting on the mobile network platform. Finally, in section (3), the same basic image that comes to mind from D2D is displayed:

that is, the connection between two devices without having to pass through the network core.

In the field of cellular networks,

one of the key solutions to increase permeability is to set up a small cell called the femtocell. In femtosecils, a base station (BS) is installed in each building, with its antenna radius inside the building.

In general, in those D2D applications that use the same licensed frequency of the operator to communicate between equipment, the interference problem is very important and challenging.

If two people in the same room are having a direct conversation over the frequency of the mobile network,

this communication should not negatively affect other calls from users connected to the base station. Various methods have been proposed to control the interference.

 In some of these methods, D2D communication is only allowed if its negative impact on other communications is minimal.

There may also be some way of trying to include different channels for D2D communications and regular communications over the same range.

Devices are able to identify the occupied channels around them from the control information

that the base station constantly broadcasts and to avoid sending signals on those channels.

 In another way,

they generally consider separate bandwidths for D2D communications, which is arguably less optimal.

 Overall, different methods of controlling interference have been introduced, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

In terms of power consumption, which is not unrelated to the discussion,

it is important to control the power sent to the devices. Providing quality of service to users is also an important issue that requires more attention in this way.

Frequency spectrum sharing
Another way to make better use of the frequency spectrum that operators buy is to share it with others in an opportunistic way.

Now the situation is this: If a part of a frequency band is leaving unuses at a specify time,

the other user is not allow to use it.

 However, the said frequency may be assigned to a secondary user for use, provided that the primary user terminates his / her job or is transferred to another frequency.

In fact, the term opportunistic denotes the same status of the secondary user.

 There is, of course, another type of opportunistic use where the secondary user shares the same frequency with the primary user, but be careful not to exceed the specified power. Figure 3 shows these two modes of sharing.

Millimeter waves
The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has proposed the use of millimeter waves in the frequency range of 30 to 300 GHz to extend the usable frequency range.

 For comparison, keep in mind that the highest frequency allocated to the fourth generation mobile network is 5.2 GHz.

The main problem with this frequency spectrum is the absorption of its waves by humidity, rain and other environmental factors that limit the transmission radius.

For example, the 60 GHz frequency drops to 15 dB per kilometer and is only use for short-range communications. One way to overcome this is to use directional antennas that transmit the signal in a more specific direction.

Energy Harvesting
In addition to capacity and bandwidth, energy is also one of the limited resources in wireless networks of its own importance.

In addition to current techniques to reduce energy consumption,

a group of networks call energy harvesting networks have been propose that gain energy in one of two ways:

– Renewable energies such as solar and wind power for a variety of equipment, including base stations and mobile phones, are a cheap, pollution-free source.

However, the indefinite nature of these energies makes it difficult or impossible to use them independently.
Another type of energy harvesting is the use of environmental signals.

 Other users’ signals are usually interfering, but they are themselves a source of energy and useful. However, the practical implementation of this energy harvesting method seems to be a long way off.

Conclusion

It is not yet clear what each of the aforementioned sites will be in the fifth generation mobile networks and how they will be implemented.

What is certain is that in order to meet the needs of users, new dimensions of evolution must be tested.

 In the meantime, rethinking network architecture is one of the requirements for moving to the next generation of wireless communications.

Design of small cells called femtocell and device communication are two examples of developments in network architecture.

These developments remove many of the limitations, and of course, new challenges.
Joint operation of the existing frequency spectrum as well as the transition to very high frequencies are two important ways to overcome the bandwidth limitation.

Ultimately, energy harvesting is an effort to provide cheaper, cleaner energy for wireless equipment.